14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara"

14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara"
14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara"
14° Reggimento Artiglieria "Ferrara"
	Regimental coat of arms
Active	1 Nov. 1888 – 8 Sept. 1943; 1 Feb. 1949 – 30 June 1991
Country	Italy
Branch	Italian Army
Part of	5th Army Corps
Garrison/HQ	Trieste
Motto(s)	"Vox mea jus Patriae"
Anniversaries	15 June 1918 - Second Battle of the Piave River
Decorations	; 1x Gold Medal of Military Valor
Insignia
Regimental gorget patches

Last updated October 16, 2024 • 9 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

The 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" (Italian : 14° Reggimento Artiglieria "Ferrara") is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Trieste in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1888 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War of World War II. The division and regiment were located in Montenegro, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, and shortly thereafter were disbanded by German forces.^[2]

The regiment was reformed in 1949 in Foggia and assigned to the Infantry Division "Pinerolo". In 1962 the regiment moved from Foggia to Trieste and was assigned to the Trieste Troops Command. In 1975 the regiment was reduced to 14th Field Artillery Group "Murge", which in 1986 was assigned to the 5th Army Corps. The group was disbanded in 1991.^[2]^[3] The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.^[2]

History

On 1 November 1888 the 14th Field Artillery Regiment was formed in Pesaro. The new regiment consisted of eight batteries and one train company ceded by the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment in Ferrara. The ceded batteries had participated in 1866 in the Third Italian War of Independence and in 1870 in the Capture of Rome.^[2]

In 1895-96 the regiment provided four officers and 80 troops to units deployed to Eritrea for the First Italo-Ethiopian War. On 11 March 1898 the regiment switched number with the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment and was now based in Ferrara. In 1911-12 the regiment provided 14 officers and 326 troops for units deployed for the Italo-Turkish War. On 1 January 1914 the regiment ceded its III Group to help form the 30th Field Artillery Regiment.^[2]

World War I

At the outbreak of World War I the regiment was assigned, together with the Brigade "Casale" and Brigade "Pavia", to the 12th Division. At the time the regiment consisted of a command, three groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, and a depot. During the war the regiment's depot formed an undetermined number of siege batteries. During the war the regiment fought at Oslavia, in the village of Peuma, and on Podgora hill in 1915. In January 1916 the regiment was again at Oslavia, before being transferred to the Asiago plateau for the Battle of Asiago in June. In August 1916 the regiment fought in the Battle of Gorizia. In fall 1917 the regiment fought in the Eighth Battle of the Isonzo and Ninth Battle of the Isonzo on Monte San Marco. The regiment returned to Monte San Marco for the Tenth Battle of the Isonzo and during the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo the regiment was at Orehovlje. During the retreat to the Piave river after the Battle of Caporetto the regiment participated in delaying actions at the Tagliamento river and then in the First Battle of the Piave River. In 1918 the regiment fought on the Montello during the Second Battle of the Piave River, and at Ponte della Priula during the Battle of Vittorio Veneto.^[2]

On 1 August 1920 the 35th Field Artillery Regiment was disbanded and its personnel and materiel transferred to the 14th Field Artillery Regiment, which in turn transferred most of its personnel to help form the 14th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment in Ferrara. In 1923 the regiment's IV Group participated in the Italian occupation of Corfu. In 1926 the 14th Field Artillery Regiment moved from Pesaro to Bari and was assigned to the 23rd Territorial Division of Bari. The regiment consisted of a command, one group with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, two groups with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns, one group with mule-carried 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, and a depot. On 31 October of the same year the 14th Heavy Field Artillery Regiment was disbanded and its regimental command and depot used to reform the 30th Field Artillery Regiment.^[2]

In January 1935 the division was renamed 23rd Infantry Division "Murge" and consequently the regiment changed its name to 14th Artillery Regiment "Murge". In 1935 the regiment formed the 9th Support Battery, the XXXII Supply Group, and the 127th veterinary infirmary for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The regiment also provided 32 officers and 1,989 enlisted to augment deployed units. In April 1939 the division participated in the Italian invasion of Albania. On 25 April 1939 the division headquarter arrived in Gjirokastër with the division's units taking up residence in southern Albania. On 24 May 1939 the division changed its name to 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara", a name change that included the 14th Artillery Regiment. As the 14th Infantry Division "Ferrara" was now based permanently in the Italian protectorate of Albania, the division's depots in Italy formed the 47th Infantry Division "Bari", which included the 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari", as replacement.^[2]

World War II

On 10 June 1940, the day Italy entered World War II, the regiment consisted of a command, command unit, one group with 100/17 mod. 16 howitzers, one group with 75/13 mod. 15 mountain guns, one group with 75/18 mod. 35 howitzers, and an anti-aircraft battery with 20/65 mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns. In July 1940 the regiment transferred a newly formed group with 100/17 mod. 16 howitzers to the 19th Artillery Regiment "Venezia" and received a group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns in return. The regiment was assigned to the 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara", which also included the 47th Infantry Regiment "Ferrara" and 48th Infantry Regiment "Ferrara", which were all based in southern Albania.^[2]

The 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" participated in the Greco-Italian War from the beginning and on 30 October 1940 the division's regiments entered Greek territory. As Greek resistance grew the Ferrara's advance came to a halt. On 6–7 November 1940 the Greeks counterattacked and by 10 November by 16 November the Ferrara was in full retreat. By 26 November the remnants of division held only a small sliver of Greek territory and were ordered to retreat. Almost fully destroyed the division had to be taken out of the front on 3 December 1940.^[4]^[5]

The Ferrara was soon forced to return to the front and fought on 6–7 December a defensive battle south of Tepelenë. During the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, the Ferrara pursued retreating Greek forces. After the war the division remained on garrison duty in Albania.^[4]^[5]

On 15 November 1941 the regiment's group with 75/27 mod. 11 field guns was disbanded. In April 1942 the division was transferred to Montenegro, where it participated in Operation Case Black against Yugoslav partisans. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the Ferrara and its regiments surrendered to invading German forces and was officially disbanded on 25 September 1943.^[2]^[4]

For its conduct and sacrifice in the Greco-Italian War the 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" was awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor, which was affixed to the regiment's flag and is depicted on the regiment's coat of arms.^[2]

Cold War

On 1 February 1949 the 14th Field Artillery Regiment was reformed in Foggia and consisted of a command and two groups with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers. On 1 September of the same year the regiment was assigned to the Infantry Division "Avellino". In 1950 the regiment formed a battery with 100/17 mod. 14 howitzers, which deployed with the Italian Army's Security Corps to Somalia during the Italian administration of the Trust Territory of Somaliland. On 15 April 1952 the regiment was transferred to the reformed Infantry Division "Pinerolo" and its two groups were re-equipped with QF 25-pounder field guns. On 1 January 1953 the regiment added a third group with QF 25-pounder field guns and the V Light Anti-aircraft Group with 40/56 autocannons.^[2]^[3]

At the beginning of 1955 the regiment's I Group with QF 25-pounder field guns was placed in reserve status. On 30 April of the same year the I, II, III and V groups were disbanded and the next day the II Group was renumbered as I Group, and a new II Mixed Group was formed, which consisted of the 10th Battery with M114 155mm howitzers and the 13th Light Anti-aircraft Battery with 40/56 autocannons. On 15 March 1957 the regiment formed a Light Aircraft Section with L-21B artillery observation planes.^[2]^[3]

In 1960 the regiment's I Group was re-equipped with 105/14 mod. 56 pack howitzers and on 20 October of the same year the Light Aircraft Section was transferred to the command of the division. On 31 March 1961 the II Mixed Group and 10th Battery were disbanded and regiment consisted of the I Group and 13th Light Anti-aircraft Battery. In 1962 the Infantry Division "Pinerolo" was reduced to Infantry Brigade "Pinerolo" and consequently on 31 August 1962 the regimental command and command unit left Foggia and moved to Trieste. The next day the I Group and 13th Light Anti-aircraft Battery formed the Field Artillery Group "Pinerolo" in Foggia.^[2]^[3]

The same day, 1 September 1962, the 14th Field Artillery Regiment was assigned to the Military Command Trieste. On 10 October of the same year the regiment received the CV Self-propelled Anti-tank Group with M36 tank destroyers from the 35th Self-propelled Anti-tank Artillery Regiment. On 29 November 1963 the regiment received the II Group with QF 25-pounder field guns from the 3rd Heavy Field Artillery Regiment. On the same date the II Groups was renumbered as I Group, while the CV Self-propelled Anti-tank Group was renamed and renumbered as II Group. On 1 January 1965 the two groups were re-equipped with 105/22 mod. 14/61 howitzers. On 1 December 1968 the Military Command Trieste was renamed Trieste Troops Command.^[2]^[3]

During the 1975 army reform the army disbanded the regimental level and newly independent battalions and groups were granted for the first time their own flags: on 6 September the regiment's II Group was disbanded and on 30 September the regiment was disbanded. The next day the regiment's I Group was renamed 14th Field Artillery Group "Murge" and assigned to the Trieste Troops Command. To avoid confusion with the 48th Infantry Battalion "Ferrara" the group was named for the regiment's original name, the Murge plateau in Apulia. The group consisted of a command, a command and services battery, and three batteries with 105/22 mod. 14/61 howitzers, which were replaced with M114 155mm howitzers within the same year.^[2]^[3] After being equipped with M114 155mm howitzers the group fielded 485 men (37 officers, 58 non-commissioned officers, and 390 soldiers).^[6]

On 12 November 1976 the President of the Italian Republic Giovanni Leone assigned with decree 846 the flag and traditions of the 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" to the group.^[2]^[3]^[7] In 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level, including the Trieste Troops Command, and consequently on 1 October 1986 the group was assigned to the Artillery Command of the 5th Army Corps.^[2]^[3]

Recent times

On 28 February 1991 the 14th Field Artillery Group "Murge" was placed in reserve status. On 8 May of the same year the flag of the 14th Artillery Regiment "Ferrara" was transferred to the Shrine of the Flags in the Vittoriano in Rome and on 30 June the group was officially disbanded.^[2]^[3]

Related Research Articles

The 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain) (Italian: 1° Reggimento Artiglieria Terrestre (montagna)) is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in mountain warfare. The regiment is based in Fossano in Piedmont and assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Taurinense". The regiment is the Italian Army's senior mountain artillery regiment as it was formed in 1887 by the Royal Italian Army. In World War I the regiment's groups and batteries served on the Italian front.

The 3rd Field Artillery Regiment (Mountain) (Italian: 3° Reggimento Artiglieria Terrestre (montagna)) is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, specializing in mountain warfare. The regiment is based in Remanzacco in Friuli-Venezia Giulia and assigned to the Alpine Brigade "Julia". The regiment was formed in 1909 by the Royal Italian Army as 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment. In World War I the regiment's groups and batteries served on the Italian front.

The Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo" is a mechanized infantry brigade of the Italian Army, based in the southern region of Apulia. Carrying the name of the Piedmontese city of Pinerolo the brigade's coat of arms was modeled after the city's coat of arms. The brigade is part of the Division "Acqui".

The 14th Infantry Division "Isonzo" was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was based in Friuli and named for the river Isonzo, along which Italy and Austria-Hungary had fought twelve battles during World War I.

The 23rd Infantry Division "Ferrara" was a infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Ferrara was classified as a mountain infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery was moved by pack mules instead of the horse-drawn carriages of line infantry divisions. Italy's real mountain warfare divisions were the six alpine divisions manned by Alpini mountain troops. The division was named for the city of Ferrara and based in Bari. The division's men were mostly recruited from Bari and in the Altopiano delle Murge region.

The 154th Infantry Division "Murge" was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Murge was formed on 1 December 1942 and named for the Murge plateau in Apulia. The Murge was classified as an occupation infantry division, which meant that the division's artillery regiment consisted of two artillery groups instead of the three artillery groups of line infantry divisions and that the divisional mortar battalion was replaced by a divisional machine gun battalion. The division was sent to Herzegovina as an occupation force, where it took part in anti-partisan operations. It took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska and then had to be withdrawn after suffering heavy losses. It was disbanded in September 1943, following the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile.

With the 1975 reforms the Italian Army abolished the regimental level and replaced it with brigades made up of multiple arms. During the reform the army disbanded 48 regimental commands and reduced its force by 87 battalions. A further ten regimental commands were used to raise ten new brigade commands. Ten training centers, which for traditional reasons had carried the names of regiments, were also disbanded. The reduction in units also allowed to mechanize most of the remaining units in Northern Italy and Italy's defense strategy changed from a hold-at-all-costs territorial defense to one of mobile warfare.

The 21st Field Artillery Regiment "Trieste" is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army. Today the regiment is based in Foggia in Apulia and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Pinerolo". Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1888 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 8th Infantry Division "Po", which in 1939 was renamed 101st Motorized Division "Trieste". The division participated in the Greco-Italian War, fought in the Western Desert campaign and was forced to surrender to allied forces on 12 May 1943 at the end of the Tunisian campaign.

The 24th Field Artillery Regiment "Peloritani" is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army. Today the regiment is based in Messina in Sicily and assigned to the Mechanized Brigade "Aosta". Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1888 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 29th Infantry Division "Peloritana", which fought in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1939 the division was renamed as the 29th Infantry Division "Piemonte". The division participated in the Greco-Italian War and then remained in Yugoslavia on anti-partisan duty. The division and regiment were located on the Peloponnese peninsula, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division and its units surrendered to attacking German forces on 11 September.

The 52nd Field Artillery Regiment "Torino" is an artillery regiment of the Italian Army trained for divisional artillery support. Since September 2020 the regiment is based together with the 8th Field Artillery Regiment "Pasubio" in Persano in Campania. The regiment is assigned to the army's Artillery Command.

The 5th Field Artillery Regiment "Superga" is a field artillery regiment of the Italian Army. The regiment is the army's only multiple rocket launcher unit and equipped with M270A1 MLRS-I launchers. The regiment is based in Portogruaro in Veneto and assigned to the Artillery Command. The regiment is the Italian Army's senior artillery regiment and was formed in 1850 by the Royal Sardinian Army. In 1855-56 the regiment deployed six batteries to Crimea for the Crimean War and in 1859 it fought in the Second Italian War of Independence. In the 1860 it participated in the Sardinian campaign in Central and Southern Italy. In 1861 the regiment joined the Royal Italian Army and in 1866 it fought in the Third Italian War of Independence. During World War I the regiment served on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division "Superga", which in 1940 participated in the invasion of France. In fall 1942 the division was transferred to Tunisia for the Tunisian campaign. The division and its regiments surrendered there to the British forces on 12 May 1943.

The 121st Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment "Ravenna" is an air defence regiment of the Italian Army. Originally a field artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was assigned in World War II to the 3rd Infantry Division "Ravenna", with which the regiment was deployed to the Eastern Front, where division and regiment were destroyed during Operation Little Saturn. The unit was reformed in 1951 and transferred from the field artillery to the anti-aircraft specialty on 15 June 1953. Today the regiment is based in Bologna in the Emilia-Romagna and assigned to the Anti-aircraft Artillery Command. The regimental anniversary falls, as for all Italian Army artillery regiments, on June 15, the beginning of the Second Battle of the Piave River in 1918.

The 41st Regiment "Cordenons" is a Surveillance and Target Acquisition unit of the Italian Army. Originally a field artillery regiment, the regiment is today a multi-arms unit operationally assigned to the Tactical Intelligence Brigade, which combines elements of the artillery and signal arms. The regiment is based in Sora in Lazio.

The 18th Anti-aircraft Artillery Regiment is an inactive air defence regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Rimini in the Emilia Romagna. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1888 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 24th Infantry Division "Gran Sasso", which participated in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In 1939 the division was renamed 24th Infantry Division "Pinerolo". The division fought in the Greco-Italian War of World War II and then remained in Greece on anti-partisan duty. The division and regiment were located in Thessaly in Greece, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division resisted German demands to surrender and moved into the Pindus mountain range, where the division was disarmed by the Greek People's Liberation Army.

The 48th Artillery Regiment "Taro" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in L'Aquila in Abruzzo. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1935 during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, but disbanded after the war in 1936. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 48th Infantry Division "Taro", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and its regiments were disbanded in the South of France by German forces after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.

The 46th Artillery Regiment "Trento" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Gradisca d'Isonzo in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. Reformed in 1935 for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War the regiment was assigned to the 102nd Motorized Division "Trento", with which the regiment served in World War II. In March 1941 the division and regiment were sent to Libya for the Western Desert campaign, during which both were destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.

The 47th Artillery Regiment "Bari" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Bari in Apulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed days before Italy's entry into World War I and disbanded after the war. The regiment was reformed in 1939 and assigned in World War II to the 47th Infantry Division "Bari", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War. The division and regiment were located in Sardinia when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division clashed with retreating German forces and then joined the Italian Co-belligerent Army. On 21 September the division and its units were disbanded and the personnel used to form the Internal Security Division "Aosta".

The 28th Artillery Regiment "Livorno" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Tarcento in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1912 and served in World War I on the Italian front. After the war the regiment was disbanded. In 1926 the regiment was reformed and in 1935 it was assigned to the 4th Infantry Division "Livorno". The division was deployed on Sicily, when the Allied landings began on 10 July 1943. In early August the remnants of the division were evacuated from Sicily and the regiment was in the process of being reformed, when German forces disbanded the division and its regiment after the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943.

The 27th Artillery Regiment "Marche" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Udine in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Originally an artillery regiment of the Royal Italian Army, the regiment was formed in 1912 and served in World War I on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 6th Infantry Division "Cuneo", with which the regiment fought in the Greco-Italian War of World War II. The division and regiment were located on the Greek island of Samos in the Eastern Aegean Sea, when the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943. The division fought against German forces with British support. On 21 November 1943 the regiment dissolved and its personnel sailed for Turkey, where it was interred.

The 9th Artillery Regiment "Pistoia" is an inactive field artillery regiment of the Italian Army, which was based in Vercelli in Piedmont. The regiment was formed in 1861 by the Royal Italian Army and fought in 1866 in the Third Italian War of Independence. During World War I the regiment served on the Italian front. In 1935 the regiment was assigned to the 11th Infantry Division "Brennero". In December 1940 the division was transferred to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. After the German invasion of Greece in April 1941 the division remained in Greece on occupation duty until February 1943, when it moved to Albania to be reorganized as a motorized division. The division and its regiments dissolved after the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943.

References

↑ "14° Reggimento Artiglieria "Ferrara"". President of Italy. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 89.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fossati, Ivo (2022). L'Esercito Italiano 1946 - 2020 - L'Artiglieria. Milan: Athena Books. p. 36. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
1 2 3 "23ª Divisione di fanteria "Ferrara"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
1 2 Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 252. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
↑ Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.
↑ "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.

[Quirinale-1] "14° Reggimento Artiglieria "Ferrara"". President of Italy. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

[Ferrara-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 F. dell'Uomo, R. di Rosa (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 - Vol. Secondo - Tomo II. Rome: SME - Ufficio Storico. p. 89.

[Athena-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Fossati, Ivo (2022). L'Esercito Italiano 1946 - 2020 - L'Artiglieria. Milan: Athena Books. p. 36. Retrieved 15 December 2023.

[Regio_Esercito-4] 1 2 3 "23ª Divisione di fanteria "Ferrara"". Regio Esercito. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[Ufficio_Storico-5] 1 2 Bollettino dell'Archivio dell'Ufficio Storico N.II-3 e 4 2002. Rome: Ministero della Difesa - Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito - Ufficio Storico. 2002. p. 252. Retrieved 26 October 2021.

[6] Stefani, Filippo (1989). La storia della dottrina e degli ordinamenti dell'Esercito Italiano - Vol. III - Tomo 2°. Rome: Ufficio Storico - Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. p. 1189.

[7] "Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 12 novembre 1976, n. 846". Quirinale - Presidenza della Repubblica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]